Interpretation of ISO 2115: The Core Standard for Film-Forming Properties of Plastic Polymer Dispersions

In the chemical industry such as plastics and coatings, the film-forming properties of polymer dispersions directly determine the quality, stability and application effect of products. As a core standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 2115 specifically specifies the determination methods of white point temperature and minimum film-forming temperature of polymer dispersions, providing a unified technical basis for industrial production, quality control and product research and development. This article will comprehensively interpret ISO 2115 from the aspects of basic standard information, core definitions, determination principles, implementation points and application value, helping industry practitioners deeply understand its core connotation and practical significance.

나. Basic Information of ISO 2115 기준

ISO 2115 is fully named “Plastics — Polymer dispersions — Determination of white point temperature and minimum film-forming temperature”. It is formulated and maintained by ISO/TC 61/SC 9 (Plastics Technical Committee/Dispersions and Latices Subcommittee). The current valid version is ISO 2115:1996, which was released in February 1996 and confirmed valid after the last review in 2021. It is in the international standard confirmation stage (90.93) and will undergo a systematic review every 5 years to ensure its applicability.
The International Standard Classification Number (ICS) of this standard is 83.040.10 그리고 83.080.01, covering the field of plastic dispersions and related materials. As a method standard, ISO 2115 is not directly used for product quality determination, but ensures the comparability of film-forming performance data measured by different laboratories and enterprises through a unified test method, providing technical support for product quality control and international trade. It is worth noting that China has equivalently adopted this standard and formulated the national standard GB/T 9267-2008, expanding its application scope to coatings emulsions, coatings and plastic polymer dispersions, which is more in line with domestic industry needs.
ISO 2115:1996 replaces the second edition standard released in 1976. On the basis of the original version, it has been expanded and coordinated to make the test method more scientific and operable. The full text has 5 pages, mainly including core contents such as test principle, instrument requirements, operation steps, result expression and precision.

II. Core Definitions and Test Objects of ISO 2115

To understand ISO 2115, it is first necessary to clarify the definitions of two key terms in the standard, which are also the core objectives of the test, and clarify its scope of application to avoid misuse.
(나) Core Definitions
1.Polymer dispersion: A dispersion system formed by uniformly dispersing polymer materials in a liquid medium (usually water). During the drying process, with the evaporation of the liquid, polymer particles will interact and combine closely, and finally form a film. Its film-forming effect is affected by many factors such as temperature and dispersion type.
2.White point temperature: The boundary temperature at which an opaque film turns into a transparent film. When the temperature is insufficient, polymer particles cannot coalesce effectively, forming discontinuous and opaque white lumps; when the temperature reaches the white point temperature, the particles start to coalesce, and the film gradually becomes transparent.
3.Minimum film-forming temperature: The minimum temperature at which a continuous, uniform and crack-free transparent film is formed, which is the core index of the film-forming performance of polymer dispersions. Usually, the white point temperature is several degrees lower than the minimum film-forming temperature, and both reflect the film-forming characteristics of the dispersion together.
(II) Test Objects
The core test object of ISO 2115 is polymer dispersions for plastics. 동시에, according to the expansion of China’s GB/T 9267-2008 (equivalent to ISO 2115:1996), its application scope also includes coatings emulsions and coatings polymer dispersions. 게다가, similar products in other industrial fields such as rubber can also be tested with reference to this standard.

III. Test Principle and Instrument Requirements of ISO 2115

The core of ISO 2115 test is to simulate the actual drying conditions, construct a temperature gradient, observe the film-forming process of polymer dispersions, so as to determine the white point temperature and minimum film-forming temperature. The entire test process must follow rigorous principles and instrument specifications.
(나) 테스트 원리
A linear temperature gradient (temperature difference set between 20℃ and 40℃, kept constant during the test) is constructed on a metal plate (알류미늄, stainless steel or steel) located between a heat source and a cold source. The polymer dispersion is uniformly coated on the metal plate, starting from the high-temperature end. 그 다음에, a constant low-speed dry air stream is introduced from the cold end to the hot end to gradually dry the dispersion. By observing the change of the film state, the boundary point between opaque and transparent (white point temperature) and the minimum temperature for forming a continuous and crack-free transparent film (minimum film-forming temperature) are determined. If the temperature gradient is linear, the result can be directly read through the temperature measuring device; if it is non-linear, the test result must be determined by the graphing method (with the distance of the temperature measuring point as the abscissa and the temperature as the ordinate).
(II) Instrument Requirements
To ensure the accuracy and repeatability of test results, ISO 2115 puts forward clear requirements for test instruments. The core instruments and specifications are as follows:
1.Main test instrument: Composed of a rectangular metal plate, the surface can be smooth or grooved with several 0.3mm deep grooves (청소하기 쉽다, and can be covered with a thin anti-adhesive material), which can stably form a linear temperature gradient.
2.Temperature measuring device: Used to accurately measure the temperature at different positions on the metal plate to ensure that the temperature gradient meets the requirements. A surface thermometer or other high-precision temperature measuring instruments can be selected.
3.Film coater: Divided into grooved plate coater and flat plate coater. The flat plate coater must ensure a coating thickness of about 0.1mm and a coating width of 20mm~25mm; the grooved plate coater must be used with the groove body to ensure uniform coating of the sample.
4.Auxiliary equipment: Including a glass cover (used to maintain a dry environment), a dry air supply device (to ensure constant air flow rate), 등.

IV. Test Process and Result Requirements of ISO 2115

ISO 2115 specifies a detailed test process, and each step must be strictly followed to ensure the reliability and comparability of test results. The specific process and result requirements are as follows:
(나) Test Process
1.Formation of temperature gradient: Place the temperature measuring device at the designated position, adjust the temperature of the heat source and cold source, and construct a suitable linear temperature gradient to ensure that the white point temperature is measured in the middle of the metal plate, and the upper and lower limits of the temperature gradient are within the range of the measuring device.
2.Sample coating: After the temperature is balanced, uniformly apply the sample on the metal plate. When using a grooved plate, inject a little more sample than the groove capacity into the groove from the high-temperature end, coat along the groove with a coater and remove the excess sample; when using a flat plate, start coating from the high-temperature end to form a narrow strip of specified thickness and width.
3.Drying and observation: Cover the glass cover, introduce a constant low-speed dry air stream from the cold end to the hot end, observe the change of the film state, record the reading of the temperature measuring device, or determine the white point temperature and minimum film-forming temperature by the graphing method.
4.Repeat test: At least two determinations shall be carried out. If the difference between the two results is greater than 2℃, the test shall be re-conducted to ensure the repeatability of the results.
(II) Result Expression and Precision
The test results are expressed as integers in degrees Celsius (℃), which can be obtained by the graphing method or directly reading the data of the surface thermometer, and finally take the average value of multiple determination results. According to the requirements of ISO 2115, the test results must meet the following precision requirements:
•Repeatability: When multiple tests are carried out in the same laboratory, by the same operator and with the same instrument under the same conditions, the result deviation shall not exceed 2℃;
•Reproducibility: When tests are carried out in different laboratories, by different operators and with different instruments under the same conditions, the result deviation shall not exceed 4℃.
The test report shall include at least the following contents: standard number (ISO 2115:1996 or corresponding national standard number), complete identification information of the tested product, model of test equipment and test conditions, laboratory temperature, test results and average value, 등.

V. Application Value and Industrial Significance of ISO 2115

As an international standard for testing the film-forming properties of polymer dispersions, ISO 2115 has irreplaceable application value in the plastics, coatings and other industries, and its core significance is reflected in the following aspects:
(나) Standardize Quality Control and Ensure Product Consistency
The film-forming properties of polymer dispersions directly affect the quality of the final product, such as the adhesion of coatings and the flexibility of plastic films. ISO 2115 provides a unified test method, enabling enterprises to accurately control the film-forming characteristics of products, avoid product defects (such as cracking, 초킹, poor adhesion, 등.) caused by inconsistent film-forming temperature, and ensure the consistent quality of mass-produced products.
(II) Support Product R&D and Optimize Formula Design
In the process of product R&디, through the test method of ISO 2115, 아르 자형&D personnel can quickly evaluate the film-forming properties of polymer dispersions under different formulas and processes, optimize the formula composition, adjust the production process, and develop products more in line with application needs. 예를 들어, for coatings used in low-temperature environments, the minimum film-forming temperature can be tested to optimize the formula so that it can still form a good film at low temperatures.
(III) Promote International Trade and Eliminate Technical Barriers
As a globally recognized technical criterion, the application of ISO 2115 makes the test data of different countries and enterprises comparable, avoiding trade barriers caused by differences in test methods. By following this standard, 기업’ product quality is more likely to be recognized by the international market, which helps expand overseas business and enhance international competitiveness.
(IV) Improve the Standard System and Promote Industrial Upgrading
ISO 2115 is connected with relevant industry standards (such as China’s GB/T 9267-2008) to form a standard system for quality control of polymer dispersions. Its implementation has promoted the improvement of the industry’s technical level, guided enterprises to standardize production processes, improved quality management level, and promoted the standardized and high-quality development of the entire plastics and coatings industry.

VI. Precautions and Common Misunderstandings of ISO 2115

(나) 지침
•During the test, the temperature gradient must be kept constant and as linear as possible, otherwise the accuracy of the test results will be affected;
•The sample coating must be uniform, and the thickness must strictly follow the standard requirements (0.1mm for flat plate coating) to avoid abnormal film-forming state caused by uneven coating;
•The speed of the dry air stream must be constant and introduced from the cold end to the hot end to ensure that the drying process meets the standard requirements;
•Test instruments must be calibrated regularly to ensure the accuracy of temperature measurement and avoid instrument errors affecting the test results.
(II) Common Misunderstandings
•Confusing white point temperature with minimum film-forming temperature: Both are film-forming performance indicators, but the white point temperature is the “boundary temperature between transparent and opaque”, and the minimum film-forming temperature is the “minimum temperature for forming a qualified film”, which cannot be regarded as equivalent;
•Ignoring the test environment temperature: The laboratory temperature will affect the drying speed and film-forming state of the sample, which must be clearly recorded in the test report;
•Failing to conduct repeat tests: Conducting only one test is likely to lead to result deviation. It is necessary to strictly conduct at least two tests in accordance with the standard requirements to ensure the repeatability of the results.

VII. Conclusion

As the core international standard for testing the film-forming properties of plastic polymer dispersions, ISO 2115:1996 provides a unified technical basis for the industry by clarifying test methods, instrument requirements and result specifications, and plays a key role in quality control, product R&D and international trade. Its core value lies in standardizing the test process, ensuring product consistency, eliminating technical barriers, and promoting the high-quality development of the plastics, coatings and other industries.
For enterprises, strictly following the requirements of ISO 2115 can not only improve product quality and market competitiveness, but also realize the standardization of production processes; for the industry, the wide application of this standard helps improve the standard system, promote technological upgrading, and promote the sustainable development of the industry. With the continuous progress of the chemical industry, ISO 2115 will also be regularly reviewed to continuously adapt to the needs of industry development, providing continuous support for the technical unification and quality improvement of the global polymer dispersion field.

Our product GA-6021 Film-Forming Temperature Tester meets this standard.

성막온도시험기

테스트 표준:
It isaccordance with ISO 2115, ASTM D 2354 기준, 에멀전 폴리머의 최소 도막온도를 쉽고 정확하게 테스트할 수 있습니다..

설명：
As the most important component–emulsions for coatings and polymer dispersions for coatings and plastics polymer, 필름 형성 특성은 최종 제품 건조 특성에 중요한 영향을 미칩니다.. 따라서, knowing its MFT is very necessary.
특정 온도에서, 에멀젼 또는 폴리머 분산액, 온도가 충분히 높지 않으면, 그러면 폴리머 입자가 중합되도록 할 수 없습니다. 지금, 모든 폴리머 입자는 더 이상 서로 뭉칠 수 없으며 불연속적이고 불투명한 흰색 덩어리를 형성합니다.; 온도가 충분히 높고 입자가 서로 뭉치게 놔두면, 연속적이고 투명한 필름을 형성할 수 있습니다..
백색점 온도：불투명 필름이 투명 필름으로 변할 때의 분할온도.
최소 성막 온도：연속 성형시 최저 온도, uniform and no-crack film（Generally speaking, White Point Temperature has serval degrees lower than MFFT）
Minimum Film-Forming Temperature（MFFT）Tester is the newest instruments which is developed by Biuged lately, 주요 구조는 전자적으로 온도 구배가 적용된 금속(구리) 압반입니다.. Built in temperature sensors monitor the temperatureacross the platen, 터치스크린에 그라데이션 그래프가 표시됩니다.. Acooling source and a heating source are located separately on the two ends of platen to produce different temperature gradient through metal heat conduction theory.
Applicate a continuous and uniform thickness wet film of emulsion ordispersions on the temperature gradient platen, 그런 다음 건조한 공기로 말리십시오., 플래튼 온도 영향으로, 샘플의 물이 증발하여 필름을 형성합니다.. 플래튼의 온도가 다르기 때문에, 필름 형성 위치도 다릅니다.. 연속 투명 필름과 흰색 불투명 필름의 구분점 찾기, thus this point which also can be read from touch screen of tester is MFT.

특징：
◆ Initiated in China, 하이테크 제품,다수의 특허와 독립적인 지적재산권을 결합.
◆ Small size, 높은 정밀도, 지능형 작동, 사용 및 유지 관리가 쉽습니다..
◆ Color touch screen+ menu operation system, 모든 매개변수는 실시간으로 표시될 수 있습니다.
◆ High precision digital temperature sensor, ensure the temperature error is less than 0.1℃
◆ Come with chiller
◆ Removable scale is convenient for operator to read any point temperature on the gradient platen. 작업자는 저울을 자유롭게 움직일 수 있습니다., 그러면 테스터는 자동으로 현재 위치를 식별하고 이 위치의 관련 온도를 표시할 수 있습니다..
◆ Monitor automatically cooling water temperature and flow, 예외적인 상황이 발생하면 테스터가 자동으로 작동을 멈춥니다..
◆ Platen（Temperature gradient）is made of copper with special process, 빠른 열전도와 강한 안정성.
◆ System reminder operator automatically about the testing progress.
◆ Seven work conditions for selection,다양한 필름 형성 온도 샘플을 측정하는 데 편리합니다..
◆ 13 high temperature sensors isdistributed on the gradient platen.
◆ Come with cube applicator which can get the 100 micron continuous and uniform wet film with 25mm width

주요 기술 매개변수
■ Working temperature range of gradient platen：-10℃～+70℃
■ Number of inspection points of gradient platen：13 포인트들
■ Interval distance of gradient：25mm
■ Test channels：7 pcs（width is25mm）
■ Gradient platen size：447mm×210mm
■ Power Supply：220V/50Hz AC 넓은 전압(접지가 양호한 3상 공급)
■ Tester Size：528mm（L）×430mm（W）× 184mm（H）
■ Chiller Size：460mm（L）×200mm（W）× 160mm（H）
■ Weight：20킬로그램

Product link:

https://www.gonoava.com/product/ga-6021-minimum-film-forming-temperature-tester/

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